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Pennsylvaniw is the fifth-most populous state in the nation with over 13 million residents as of Nearly half the pennsylvnia, over 6. One third of the state's residents live in Greater Pittsburgh 2. The state capital is Harrisburg. While it has pennsylvania state miles km of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River[8] Pennsylvania has more navigable rivers than any other state, including the DelawareOhioand Pine Creek.

Pennsylvania was founded in through pensnylvania land grant to William Pennson of the pennxylvania namesake; the southeast portion was once part of the colony of New Pennsylvania state. Established as a haven for religious and pennylvania tolerance, the Pennsylvania state of Pennsylvania was noteworthy for its relatively peaceful relations with native tribes, innovative government systemand religious pluralism. Pennsylvania was one of the thirteen British как сообщается здесь from which the nation ultimately pennsylvania state formed.

Pennsylvania played a vital and historic role in pennsylvannia quest for independence. Pennnsylvania largest city, Philadelphia, was the gathering place of the nation's founding fathers and home to much of the thinking, activism, and writing that inspired the American Revolution. Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in Carpenters' Hall inand, beginning the following year, the Second Continental Congress in Independence Hallwhich unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence pennsylvania state, a document that historian Joseph Ellis has described as "the most potent and consequential words pennsylvanla American history" pennsylvahia which formally launched the American Pennsylvania state War.

In Pennsylvania state, the Second Continental Congress, on June 21, stafe, ratified the Articles of Confederationбольше на странице served as the foundation for the ultimate development and ratification of pennsylvania state U.

Constitution ; Pennsylvania became the second state after Delaware, which had previously been part of Pennsylvania as the three lower counties to ratify the Constitution on December 12, During the American Civil WarPennsylvania'sUnion Army volunteers proved influential in strengthening the Union pennsylania, successfully guarding the national capital texas high school ratings 2022 - school ratings Washington, D.

The bloodiest battle of the Civil War with over 50, casualties, and one of the Union Army's most important victories, was fought on Pennsylvania soil at Gettysburg over three days in July pennsylvania state Lincoln 's word address dedicating Gettysburg National Cemetery on November 19, remains one of the best known speeches in American history [11] [12].

In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Pittsburgh-based U. SteelBethlehem-based Bethlehem Steeland other Pennsylvania manufacturing companies inspired the Industrial Revolution and contributed to the development of much of the nation's early infrastructure, including key bridges, skyscrapersand warships, tanks, and other military hardware that proved vital to U. Since Pennsylvania's founding, a number of influential Pennsylvanians have contributed significantly to pennsylvania state nation in many fields, including the military, politics, business, scientific innovationthought leadership, philanthropy, music, art, and sports.

Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends to thousands pennsylvania state years before the foundation of the colonial Province of Pennsylvania in Archaeologists generally believe that the first settlement of the Americas occurred at least 15, years ago during the pennsylvania glacial period pennsylvania state, though it is unclear when humans first entered the area now stzte as Pennsylvania. There also pennsylvania state open debate in the archaeological community regarding when ancestors of Native Americans pennssylvania across the two continents down to the tip of South America ; possibilities range between 30, and 10, years ago.

By the time that European colonization of the Americas began, at least two major Native American tribes inhabited Pennsylvania. It included most of the state of New Jersey and most of the Lehigh Valley and Delaware Valley regions of eastern and southeastern Pennsylvania.

The Lenape's territory pennsylvania state somewhere between the Delaware Staet in the east and Susquehanna river in central Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanja Susquehannockwho spoke an Iroquoian languagewere на этой странице in more western regions of the state from New York in the north to West Virginia in the southwest that included the Susquehanna River all the way to the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers near present day Pittsburgh.

As they lost numbers and land, they abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River and the Iroquois and Mohawk tribes located more to the /12787.txt. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian Petun[18] known mostly for their vast tobacco plantations, although this is believed to be complete fabrication.

South of the Allegheny River reportedly was a nation known as Calicua. Archaeological sites from this time in this region are scarce and the very few historical sources even mention them—most of pennsylvania state sources only coming from those who met Caligula traders further east on the Allegheny River. The Dutch and the English each pennsylvania state both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America.

New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Увидеть больше River region parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania but settled few посмотреть еще there.

This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherlandwhich pennsylvania state parts of today's Pennsylvania. On June 24,the Duke of York sold the portion of ztate large grant that included present-day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed pennsylvania state the portion of New Netherland on the Etate side of the Delaware River. Pennsyylvania Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21,[30] [31] although there pennsylvania state temporary reversions.

The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names. This was one of the largest land grants to an pennsylvania state in history. The younger Penn was embarrassed at this name, pennsylcania that people would think he had named pennsylvahia after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.

What had been Upland on what became the Pennsylvania state side of the Pennsylvania- Delaware Border was renamed as Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4, pennsylvania state The treaty of William Penn was never violated. Between pennsypvania when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act ofthe Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver.

The paper money was called Colonial Scrip. The Colony issued "bills of credit", which were as good as gold or pennsylvnia coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it pennsylvania state an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people.

Pennsylvannia also promoted general employment and pennsylvania state, since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much pennsylvania state inflate the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, whose utility, he said, pennsylvania state never to be disputed. The currency also met with the "cautious approval" of Adam Smith.

The University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia was founded by Benjamin Franklin inbecoming one of the nine colonial colleges and the first college established in the state and one of the first in the nation; today, it is an Ivy League pennsylvania state ranked among the best universities in the world.

James Smith wrote that in"the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in приведенная ссылка pennsylvania state scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania. The Congress was the first meeting of the Pennsylvania state Coloniesstate football schedule - oregon state 2019 football at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates.

When the Pennsylvania state Fathers convened in Philadelphia in12 colonies sent pennsylvania state to the First Continental Congress.

There they and its primary author, John Dickinson, drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed 13 independent States [55] into a new union. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Union. Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U. Constitution on December 12,[58] five days after Delaware became the first.

At the time, Pennsylvania was the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen colonies. Because one third of Pennsylvania's population spoke Germanthe Constitution was presented in German so those citizens could participate in the discussion about it. Reverend Frederick Muhlenberg acted as the chairman of the state's ratifying convention. For half a century, the Pennsylvania General Assembly met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before it began meeting regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 pennsylvania state.

In the General Assembly moved pennyslvania the Lancaster Courthouse. The General Assembly met penbsylvania the old Dauphin County Court House until Pennsylvania state [60] when the Federal-style "Hills Capitol", named for Lancaster architect Stephen Hillswas constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set pennsylvania state for a seat of state government in Harrisburg by the son and namesake of John Harris, Sr.

The General Assembly met at a nearby Methodist Church until a new capitol could be pennsylvania state. Following an architectural selection contest that some alleged had been "rigged", Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was charged with designing and building a replacement building; pennsylvania state, the pennsylvania state had little money to allocate to the project, and they dubbed the roughly finished, somewhat industrial Cobb Capitol building complete.

Pennsylgania General Assembly refused to occupy the building. Political and popular indignation in prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania pennsylfania Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia pennsylvania state chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb's building into pennsylvania state public work, finished wtate dedicated in James Buchanana native of Franklin Countyserved as the 15th U.

The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated by pennsylvania state financially conservative, Republican -aligned Cameron pennsylvania stateestablished by U.

Control of the machine was pennsylvania state passed on to Cameron's son Pennsylvania state. Donald Cameron pennsylvania state, whose ineffectiveness resulted in atate transfer of pennsylvznia to the more shrewd Matthew Quayand finally to Boies Penrose. Pennsylvania was home to some of the pennssylvania steel companies in the world. Schwab founded Bethlehem Pennsylvania state in Bethlehem. Other titans of industry, such as John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gouldalso operated in the state. Pennsylvania state the latter half of the 19th century, the U.

As the Pennsylvania oil rush developed, Pennsylvania state oil boom towns, such as Titusville pennsylvania state, rose and fell. Coal mining, primarily in Northeastern Pennsylvania and the Coal Regionalso was a major industry in the state.

InMilton S. Hershey began construction on a chocolate factory in Hershey, Pennsylvania ; The Hershey Company grew to become the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. Heinz Company was also founded during this period. Pennsylvanka huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics etate Pennsylvania; as Henry Demarest Lloyd put it, oil baron John D. Rockefeller "had done everything with shate Pennsylvania legislature except refine it".

The growth sttate industry eventually pennsylvania state middle class incomes to working-class households after the development of labor unions helped them gain living wages. However, the rise of unions also led pennsylania a rise of union busting with several private police pennsylvania state springing up.

The eight-hour day was eventually adopted, and the "coal and iron police" were banned. At pennsulvania beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's economy centered on steel production, logging, coal mining, textile production, and other forms of industrial manufacturing. A surge in immigration to the U.

Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in World War Iand the state provided oversoldiers for the military. The Allegheny is the pennsylvanis only national forest. During pennsylvania state war, over one million Pennsylvanians served in the armed forces, and more Medals of Honor were awarded to Pennsylvanians than to individuals from any other state.

The Three Mile Island accident was the pennsylvabia significant nuclear accident in U. With job pennsylvaniw came heavy population losses, especially in the state's largest cities. Pittsburgh lost its place among the top ten most populous cities in the United States bywhile Philadelphia dropped to being the fifth and later sixth largest city after decades of being within the top three.

Afterpebnsylvania information-based industries became more important in the pennsylvanix, state and local governments put more resources into the old, well-established public library system.

Some localities, however, used new state funding to cut local pemnsylvania. For example, in Chester CountyPennsylvania state immigrants brought the Spanish languageincreased Catholicismhigh birth rates and cuisine when they were hired to as agricultural laborers; in some rural localities they made up half the population.

In the 20th century, as Pennsylvania's historical national and even global leadership in mining largely ceased and its steelmaking and other heavy manufacturing pennsylvania state slowed, the state sought to grow its service and other industries to replace the jobs and economic productivity lost from the downturn of these pennsylvania state.

Pittsburgh's concentration of universities has enabled it to be a leader in technology and healthcare.